Common properties of Minerals are :

1. All minerals are formed in a natural process.

2. Minerals are inorganic

3. Minerals are crystalline solids.

4. Every mineral is an element or compound with a definite chemical composition.

Sodium chloride:

The solubility rules tell you that all halides are soluble with the exception of those formed with siver, mercury, and lead ions. Since this is not the case here, sodium chloride will be soluble.

Silver nitrate:

It is soluble because all nitrates are soluble, without exception.

Potassium sulfate:

It is soluble because all sulfates are soluble with the exception of those formed with silver, calcium, barium, mercury, lead, and strontium ions.

Copper (II) hydroxyde:

It is insoluble because all hydroxides are insoluble with the exception of those formed with alkali metal ions and barium.

Carbohydrates are also called as saccharides are molecular compounds made from just three elements:

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Carbohydrates are:

* a source of energy for the body e.g. glucose and a store of energy, e.g. starch in plants

* building blocks for polysaccharides (giant carbohydrates), e.g. cellulose in plants and glycogen in the human body

* components of other molecules eg DNA, RNA, glycolipids, glycoproteins, ATP

Types:

1. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and

2. Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often called sugars.

3. Other carbohydrate molecules are very large called Polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.

If you were to produce a protein in bacterial cloning systems, you would not get the same post transcriptional and post translational modifications because the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems work differently on the modifications.

Thus human recombinant protein genes are usually cloned in yeast cells. Also since they have a short generation time, they can be easily culture.

Pressure = (Net Force) / (Applied area) = Newton / square meters

Measuring units of pressure are:

. Pascal
. Bar
. Torr
. Pounds per square inch (psi)
. Standard atmosphere (atm).