Life Cycle costing includes the costs from each phase of the project life cycle when the total investment costs are calculated. Answer A is incorrect because an opportunity cost is the difference between a chosen investment and the one that is passed up. Answer B is incorrect because sunk costs are costs that have been incurred and cannot be reversed. Answer C is incorrect because net present value (NPV) is the present value of cash inflows(benifits) minus the present value of cash outflows (costs).

Initiation is the first step in the scope management process, and expert judgment is one of the techniques routinely utilized. Answers A, B, and D are incorrect because they would come after the initiation process.

Answer D is correct because a sunk cost is a project expense that will eventualy need to be paid. Answer A is incorrect because a fixed cost remains constant, regardless of any change in a company's activity. Answer B is incorrect because direct cost can be directly linked to producing specific goods or services. Answer C is incorrect because a variable cost changes in proportion to a change in the company's activity or business.

Corrective actions are part of the process after establishing objectives and checking on the objectives. The next step is to take corrective actions. Answers A, C, D are true statements and therfore are incorrect for this question.

Answer A is incorrect because without satisfied customers, we do not have potential for new projects. Answer C is incorrect because the change control management process would have likely resolved this problem. Answer D is incorrect because it is the project manager's responsibility to seek communication with the customer to set realistic expectations.

Change control management is utilized from the begining to the end of the project in order to keep it focused with an emphasis on the time and budget. Answer A is incorrect because change control management is not seperate from the other phases. Answer B is incorrect because the control plan must be throughout the other phases of a project. Its usage is not optional, and consistent utilization is imperative to managing scope creep and other scope expansions. Answer C is incorrect because the project sponsors is generally not responsible for the change control documentation, although it should be involved in the buy-in and approval process.

Answer A is incorrect because project managers are not effectively utilized if they are always scheduling and coordinating resources for daily operations. Answer B is incorrect because project managers are not the best resource for providing estimates on daily operations and time allocations;people doing the actual work are the best resources. Answer D is incorrect because you do not specify different phases of ongoing operations.

Answer A is incorrect because Meridith and Mann did not develop an autocratic management theory.Answer B is incorrect because Deming's theories did not involve any of the X and Y theories that were developed by McGregor. Answer C is incorrect because Earned value is not related to X or Y management theories.